Essay topics. Anxiety is a normal emotion that most people experience at least once in their lifetime. It is a feeling of nervousness, fear, worry or not being at ease. Anxiety can lead to physical symptoms such as rapid breathing, heavy sweating, and rapid heartbeat. Most people experience only mild anxiety This paper describes findings from a range of research strategies in anxiety, discussed at the recent ECNP Targeted Expert Meeting on anxiety disorders and anxiolytic drugs. The efficacy of existing pharmacological treatments for anxiety disorders is discussed, with particular reference Jun 23, · This sample anxiety research paper features an outline, + words, and a list of credible references. If you would like to write a high quality research paper, ideas from this sample will give you a head start and the much needed inspiration. Anxiety Disorders Paper Outline. IntroductionEstimated Reading Time: 9 mins
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Language: English Spanish French. Anxiety disorders are often underrecognized and undertreated in primary care. Treatment is indicated when a patient shows marked distress or suffers from complications resulting from the disorder. The treatment recommendations given in this article are based on guidelines, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews of randomized controlled studies. Anxiety disorders should be treated with psychological therapy, pharmacotherapy, or a combination of both.
Cognitive behavioral therapy can be regarded as the psychotherapy with the highest level of evidence. First-line drugs are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.
Benzodiazepines are not recommended for routine use. Other treatment options include pregabalin, tricyclic antidepressants, research paper on anxiety, buspirone, moclobemide, and others. After remission, medications should be continued for 6 to 12 months. Research paper on anxiety developing a treatment plan, efficacy, adverse effects, interactions, costs, and the preference of the patient should be considered. Los trastornos de ansiedad trastorno de ansiedad generalizada, trastorno de pánicolagorafobia, trastorno de ansiedad social y otros son los trastornos psiquiátricos más prevalentes y están asociados con una alta carga research paper on anxiety enfermedad.
En la atención primaria los trastornos de ansiedad tienen a menudo un bajo reconocimiento y son subtratados. La terapia se indica cuando un paciente muestra un marcado distrés causado por el trastorno o sufre por complicaciones debidas a él. Las recomendaciones terapéuticas que se entregan en este artículo están basadas en guías clínicas, estudios de meta-análisis, revisiones sistemáticas y estudios controlados randomizados.
Los trastornos de ansiedad deben ser tratados con terapia psicológica, farmacoterapia ylo una combinacíon de ambas, research paper on anxiety. La terapia cognitivo conductual puede ser considerada la psicoterapia con el mayor nivel de research paper on anxiety. No se recomiendan las benzodiacepinas para un empleo rutinario. Otras opciones terapéuticas incluyen pregabalina, antidepresivos tricíclicos, buspirona, moclobemide y otros.
Después de la remisión, los medicamentos deben continuarse por unos 6 a 12 meses. Cuando se desarrolla un plan terapéutico se debe considerar la eficacia, research paper on anxiety, los efectos adversos, las interacciones, los costos y la preferencia del paciente.
Les troubles anxieux sont souvent peu reconnus et peu traités en soins primaires. Le traitement est indiqué quand ces troubles causent une détresse manifeste chez le patient ou lorsqu'il souffre research paper on anxiety complications. Les conseils de traitement donnés dans cet article sont basés sur des recommandations, des métaanalyses et des revues systématiques d'études contrôlées randomisées.
Les troubles anxieux doivent être soignés par un traitement psychologique, une pharmacothérapie, ou une association des deux. Le traitement cognitivo-comportemental est considéré comme la psychothérapie ayant niveau de preuve le plus élevé. Les inhibiteurs sélectifs de la recapture de la sérotonine et les inhibiteurs de la recapture de la sérotonine et de la noradrénaline sont les médicaments de première ligne.
Les benzodiazépines ne sont pas recommandées en research paper on anxiety. La prégabaline, les antidépresseurs tricycliques, la buspirone, le moclobémide et d'autres sont d'autres traitements possibles. Les médicaments doivent être poursuivis 6 à 12 mois après la rémission.
Lors de l'élaboration d'un plan de traitement, il faut tenir compte de l'efficacité, des effets indésirables, du coût et de la préférence du patient. Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and are associated with a high burden of illness. Panic disorder with or without agoraphobia PDA is the next most common type with a prevalence of 6. Evidence is lacking on whether these disorders have become more frequent in recent decades.
The age of onset for anxiety disorders differs among the disorders. Separation anxiety disorder and specific phobia start during childhood, with a median age of onset of 7 years, followed by SAD 13 yearsagoraphobia without panic attacks 20 yearsand panic disorder 24 years. Anxiety disorders tend to run a chronic course, with symptoms fluctuating in severity between periods of relapse and remission in GAD and PDA 9 and a more chronic course in SAD.
After the age of 50, a marked decrease in the prevalence of anxiety disorders has been observed in epidemiological studies. The current conceptualization of the etiology of anxiety disorders includes an interaction of psychosocial factors, eg, childhood adversity, stress, or trauma, and a genetic vulnerability, which manifests in neurobiological and neuropsychological dysfunctions.
The evidence for potential biomarkers research paper on anxiety anxiety disorders in the fields of neuroimaging, genetics, neurochemistry, neurophysiology, and neurocognition has been summarized in two recent consensus papers. Thus, it is difficult to give recommendations for specific biomarkers eg, research paper on anxiety, genetic polymorphisms that could help identify persons at risk for an anxiety disorder.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD and post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD were formerly included in the anxiety disorders, but have now been placed in other chapters in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM Therefore, OCD and PTSD are not discussed in this review. A short description of the anxiety disorders is given in Table I.
Anxiety disorders are often underdiagnosed in primary care. In DSM-5the group of anxiety disorders has been expanded to include separation anxiety disorder, a diagnosis the previous DSM version reserved for children only.
Illness anxiety disorder was formerly called hypochondriasis in DSM-IV and Tenth Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ICD ; in DSM-5it is not classified under anxiety disorders but belongs to the Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders category, research paper on anxiety.
In the current ICD Beta Draft, 19 hypochondriasis is placed in the group Obsessive-Compulsive or Related Disorders. It is characterized by catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily symptoms and is manifest as obsessive and excessive health-related behaviors. The fear of having a serious medical condition persists despite thorough medical evaluation and repeated reassurance that the patient does not suffer from the feared illness. Mixed anxiety and depression is a category listed only in ICD and not in DSM It is often diagnosed in primary care.
Research on the treatment of this disorder is limited. It occurs as a reaction to stressful life events. The differential diagnosis of anxiety disorders includes common mental disorders, research paper on anxiety, such as other anxiety disorders, major depression, and somatic symptom disorders, research paper on anxiety, as well as physical illnesses such as coronary heart or lung diseases, hyperthyroidism, and research paper on anxiety. Anxiety disorders often co-occur with other anxiety disorders, major depression, somatic symptom disorders, personality disorders, and substance abuse disorders.
Box 1 contains a case vignette of the treatment of a patient with GAD. Alice, a year-old female dentist, presented to a psychiatrist with a 7-month history of anxiety symptoms, which included persistent feelings of restlessness, irritability, difficulty concentrating, sleep disturbance, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, muscle cramps, and the sensation of having a lump in her throat.
She was suffering from constant worry that her husband could become ill or might have an accident while driving to work. Her symptoms resulted in frequent absenteeism, which caused significant problems at work. Her medical history was unremarkable. The psychiatrist diagnosed her with generalized anxiety disorder, DSM-5 F Four weeks previously, Alice had been prescribed the benzodiazepine diazepam by her general practitioner, and initially took it as prescribed, research paper on anxiety.
Although it helped with her anxiety, she felt that it made her feel dull and worried that it would interfere with her work as a research paper on anxiety. She kept thinking that she would become addicted to the drug and stopped the intake.
The psychiatrist started treatment with the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine. Because the patient was sensitive to side effects, the drug was started with research paper on anxiety She reported mild nausea and fatigue; however, it was not clear whether this was due to the medication or to the illness.
The patient also received weekly sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy. Symptoms of GAD were resolved almost completely after 7 weeks.
The psychiatrist advised Alice to continue on venlafaxine for at least 6 months. Then, after 2 weeks on The patient did not report relevant withdrawal symptoms and did no show reoccurrence of significant anxiety symptoms during a follow-up observation period of almost 1 year. In clinical settings, most patients seeking help suffer from GAD, PDA, and SAD. However, treatment is indicated when a patient shows marked distress or suffers from complications resulting from the disorder eg, secondary depression, suicidal ideation, or alcohol abuse.
Anxiety disorders can be treated mostly on an outpatient basis. Indications for hospitalization include suicidality, unresponsiveness to standard treatments, or relevant comorbidity, eg, with major depression, personality disorders, or substance abuse.
The treatment recommendations in this article are based on guidelines for anxiety disorders. Studies were analyzed by using internationally acknowledged quality assessment tools, and the recommendations were reviewed by expert panels. Patients with different anxiety disorders research paper on anxiety different degrees of health care utilization, research paper on anxiety. For example, in the United States, research paper on anxiety, There is evidence for substantial undertreatment of anxiety disorders.
In a large European study, only Of those participants who contacted health care services, The treatment plan should include psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and other interventions, which should be chosen research paper on anxiety careful consideration of individual factors, eg, the patient's preference, the patient's history with previous treatment attempts, illness severity, comorbidities such as personality disorders, suicidally, local availability of treatment methods, wait time for psychotherapy appointments, costs, and other factors.
Whereas many studies have shown the efficacy of medications for GAD, PDA, and SAD, there are very few studies on drug treatment for specific phobias, for example, there is a small study suggesting the efficacy of paroxetine. However, not all drugs mentioned here are licensed for anxiety indications in all countries, and the reader should refer to local prescribing information. Table III lists drug side effects. For a detailed list of available randomized controlled studies, the reader should refer to guidelines published by Bandelow et al, 2733 which include a systematic evaluation of available studies.
Patients should be informed that the onset of the anxiolytic effect of these antidepressants has a latency of 2 to 4 weeks in some cases up to 6 weeks. During the first 2 weeks, adverse effects may be stronger. Initial jitteriness or an increase in anxiety symptoms may occur, which may reduce the patients' treatment compliance. Lowering the starting dose of the antidepressants may reduce these adverse effects. A review of studies in depressed patients suggested that SNRIs may be less well tolerated research paper on anxiety the SSRIs.
Some SSRIs and SNRIs are inhibitors of cytochrome P enzymes and hence may interact with other psychopharmacological drugs and medications for medical illnesses. However, these are much less frequent and severe than the withdrawal reactions observed after terminating benzodiazepine treatment. These adverse reactions may be more frequent with paroxetine than with sertraline or fluoxetine.
OVERCOMING WRITING and STUDYING-RELATED ANXIETY, STRESS, and SELF DOUBT (PhD Candidate perspective)
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Anxiety was reported by % of the family members, and depression by %. Family members in the study had fatigue, with average scores of There were significant correlations between the Visual Analogue Scale for Fatigue and anxiety, depression and scores on This paper describes findings from a range of research strategies in anxiety, discussed at the recent ECNP Targeted Expert Meeting on anxiety disorders and anxiolytic drugs. The efficacy of existing pharmacological treatments for anxiety disorders is discussed, with particular reference Jun 17, · The evidence for potential biomarkers for anxiety disorders in the fields of neuroimaging, genetics, neurochemistry, neurophysiology, and neurocognition has been summarized in two recent consensus papers. 13,14 Despite comprehensive, high-quality neurobiological research in the field of anxiety disorders, these reviews indicate that specific biomarkers for anxiety disorders have yet to Cited by:
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